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How to Use TrainerRoad AI Workouts

You can use TrainerRoad AI Workouts to train flexibly without a plan or add additional training to your plan. Each AI Workout is selected by TrainerRoad AI based on your workout history and predicted performance. What Are TrainerRoad AI Workouts? AI Workouts are one-off, intelligently chosen sessions that you can add to your TrainerRoad Calendar. AI selected workouts are chosen from the TrainerRoad library based on your recent training and predicted performance. You can add them to any day on your calendar to get a workout that fits your needs for that day. When you go to add an AI Workout to your Calendar a workout will be chosen for you based on this criteria: 1. Duration: Pick how long you want to ride for that day 2. Focus or Discipline: Choose a type of workout that matches your goals or the type of training you'd like to complete that day. Workouts are broken into Category and Zone. Category options include: Endurance, Climbing, Attacking, Criteriums, Zwift Racing, Group Rides, Cyclocross, Mountain Biking or Time Trialing Zone options include: Endurance, Tempo, Sweet Spot, Threshold, VO2 Max and Anaerobic 3. Interval Structure: Within each category of riding workouts will be broken into interval types. Choose the interval type that you would like to complete. 4. Inside or Outside: Before scheduling your workout you will have the option to choose whether you would like to complete the workout inside or outside. How to Add an AI Workout Step One: Open your Calendar (web or mobile) and select the + Add button in the upper right hand corner of the screen. Step Two: In the cycling category choose TrainerRoad AI Workout Screen Shot 2025-10-14 at 11.38.45 AM.png Step Three: Choose whether you would like to choose a workout based on Category or Zone Screen Shot 2025-10-14 at 11.41.36 AM.png Step Four: Set your ride length in the drop down Screen Shot 2025-10-14 at 11.42.50 AM.png Step Five: Scroll to the training focus (e.g., Endurance, Climbing, Attacking, Time Trial, Criterium, Cyclocross, Mountain Bike, Gravel, Zwift Race, Group Ride) or the zone (Endurance, Tempo, Sweet Spot, Threshold, VO2 Max and Anaerobic) that you would like to select a ride from Step Six: Choose the zone and type of interval structure you would like to complete and select this option Screen Shot 2025-10-14 at 11.44.00 AM.png Step Seven: Review the details of the type of workout you are selecting and click Schedule.

TrainerRoad AI • Last updated on Jan 21, 2026

The Basics of Build Training

Principals: During the second phase of training, the Build phase, each type of workout takes on a more event-specific purpose where greater emphasis is placed on escalating the weekly stress load via workouts that are more event-specific than what was encountered during the Base phase. This is where increasingly event-specific types of training are emphasized with the intent to improve more pertinent types of fitness while the more basic forms of fitness are mostly maintained. If you’re not training for a specific event, view this phase of training as the one in which the intent is to grow your Functional Threshold Power the most. Not only does Build phase training allow athletes to heighten their level of training specificity, it also brings their fitness to a point where middle-priority events can factor into their weekly training. Which Build Phase Training Plan is right for me? The optimal Build Phase will vary from athlete to athlete depending on their goals for the season. We recommend checking out the discipline-specific articles for a more in-depth recommendation that will relate directly to your goals and aspirations for the season. You can view these articles from the "Training Questions" section of our Help Center. Below is a brief summary of the three main types of TrainerRoad Build Training. - Short Power Build includes a healthy balance of muscular endurance work but trades an increased emphasis on VO2Max and Anaerobic efforts with a reduction in sustainable power focus. Less muscular endurance, more repeatable aerobic power. This approach suits a rider who needs more explosive, short-punchy power capabilities. Criterium racers, cyclocross competitors, and nearly all MTB & track riders fall into this category. - General Power Build is geared more towards the athlete whose discipline doesn’t require any more focus on short punchy power than it does sustainable power. Therefore, the General Power Build phase training plan fits a rider looking to capitalize on a well-rounded blend of abilities in both areas. - Sustained Power Build is focused on developing greater sustained power through the use of strength endurance work (Sweet Spot), lactate tolerance workouts (Threshold), and a healthy dose of maximum aerobic power intervals (VO2max). These areas of focus translate to the ability to sustain high percentages of FTP for increasingly long durations. - Polarized Build uses the 80/20 and 95/5 Polarized training models, where 80% of the training is done at low intensity and 20% is done at high intensity. These phases are designed to further increase an athletes aerobic capabilities, building on Polarized base. Polarized plans may require greater training volume to generate equivalent adaptions. - Masters Build Phases provides more recovery time than their standard counterparts. These can be great for any athlete who need more recovery time, while still building on the base phase for greater adaptation. There are no more than two days of Sweet Spot, or higher-intensity workouts each week. How Important is Build Training? Build Phase training is a critical step in developing cycling-specific performance capabilities and increasing your FTP which we do not recommend skipping. If you do not have enough time to complete the full Base and Build leading up to your target event, check out this article in our Blog on the methods to shorten your Training Plan. Main Takeaway: The aim of Build is not only to produce big gains in FTP but also to increase specificity as you get closer to your target event. What's Next? After the Build Phase, your next phase of training is the Specialty Phase. Click here to learn everything you need to know about the Specialty Phase.

Understanding your Training Plans • Last updated on Aug 20, 2026

The Basics of Base Training

Principles: The purpose of base training is to establish a foundation of fitness that will allow cyclists to build towards their physiological potential for a goal event. It may seem counterintuitive to revert to base training every year after reaching new heights of performance, but this strategy pays dividends come race season. Much like a pyramid, our fitness is built in a hierarchical fashion, with the initial work serving as a critical foundation that will eventually support a higher peak. This foundation is achieved through effective base training in which cyclists raise their fitness levels. During this phase there are various transformations happening on different levels, but for the sake of simplicity, we’ll just focus on the efficiency of muscles to transform energy into speed on the bike. As you focus your training on developing your aerobic capacity, amongst other useful adaptations, you train your body to become more efficient at turning fat into energy and producing energy aerobically regardless of its fuel. This transformation takes place within the mitochondria (the powerhouses of the cell ) in your muscles. So, as you spend more time stressing your aerobic energy system, your body adapts by creating more efficient mitochondria. This adaptation will benefit you throughout all portions of your power curve because mitochondria are involved in turning energy into speed at all different intensities. Takeaway: By following a Base training plan, you will establish fundamental aspects of your fitness capabilities. The primary focus is on aerobic endurance, muscular endurance, and form/speed/power capabilities. TrainerRoad Base Plans: General, Traditional, Polarized, and Masters So it's time for base, but you aren't sure what will work best for you... what do you do? You can use the guide below to decide which Base plan is right for you. General Base This take on Base training integrates a bit more variety than the Traditional approach. You will see a lot of Sweet Spot work, but the plan also contains VO2 max intervals and neuromuscular bursts in the Low and Mid-Volume Plans. The reasoning behind this is that most amateur athletes when training at a low-intensity will run out of time in their schedules before they really tax their endurance muscles to the limit. Through Sweet Spot work, and a mix of higher intensity work, you can attain sufficient training stress to initiate adaptation in your limited training time. - When choosing a Base plan, we've found General Base (GB) is the best choice for most athletes who don't have enough time (less than 10 hours/week) to complete a full Traditional Base. If that's you, we recommend trying one of our General Base plans to fit your schedule. - This plan initiates general fitness gains much faster (can expect FTP increase in 6-8 weeks) Learn more in our blog post: What is General Base Training? Traditional Base The Traditional Base approach requires long, low-intensity hours in the saddle. There are a few key demographics that this approach is best for: - Those recovering from injury will benefit from the gentle approach of Traditional Base - Athletes who have large amounts of time before their target events. By planning their season well in advance of their race days, riders afford themselves the option of cultivating a wider base of fitness. Completing Traditional Base prior to a General Base circuit is one way to build this huge, substantial base. Polarized Base Polarized Training spits your training into two intensities at specific volumes: ≈80% low intensity, 20% high intensity or 95/5%. This structure takes more time in the saddle to generate comparable adaptations to General Base, but less than Traditional Base. Polarized training is best for: - Experienced athletes with a strong aerobic base who can handle intense sessions. - Athletes who have the time and want to train with long endurance sessions and hard high-intensity efforts. Masters Base Masters Base plans are designed to prioritize recovery with no more than two days of Sweet Spot, or higher-intensity workouts each week. These plans work well for: - These plans are made for athlete's who need more recovery time. - Any athlete who needs more recovery time will find these plans extremely beneficial, not just masters athletes. - They can be used for athletes returning to interval training after extended time off, injury, or illness. Learn more about Masters Plans from this article: What are Masters Plans? Takeaway: For most applications, General or Masters Base is the way to go. Relevant Podcasts [13:45] Podcast 068: Sweet Spot vs Traditional Base discussion Can I Skip Base Training? Typically, we do not recommend athletes skip any training phases. You will get the fastest if you work through all three training phases in order and to completion before moving onto your next phase of training. However, every rider has different time constraints, as well as different levels of fitness and cycling backgrounds going into their structured training. Here are a few common reasons that athletes want to skip Base: - Riders with heavily experienced backgrounds who are familiar with the level of base training they have at that point in the season. These riders can decide to bypass or reduce the duration of the Base phase, and move straight into a Build phase if they have been doing structured Base outside of TrainerRoad. - Riders with mid-level or minimal experience, whose target event is less than 28 weeks away (the time it takes to complete Base/Build/Specialty). We’d suggest s/he complete the entire Base phase of training and move as far along through the Build and Specialty training plans as time will allow. See our article "Not Enough Time!" To further explore how you should structure your season with less than 28 weeks. - Riders who are mid-season and have already peaked for en event, but have 16 or fewer weeks until their next event. These athletes should first consider a low-intensity training block but can absolutely skip base and jump back into Build. This is what we call a 'rebuild' and you can learn more about how to structure around this in our "Peaking for Multiple 'A' Races" article. Takeaway: No, you should probably not skip Base Phase, however there are a few fringe cases where it is an acceptable decision. Base Training Q&A Q: Time constraints aside, how many hours per week would I need to spend base training in order to improve upon last season's fitness? A: The goal is to increase your annual training volume by 5% but not more than 15% over last year’s training volume in order to improve upon last year’s performance without overdoing it. Q: Do I really have to go this easy during Base I? It doesn't seem like I'm working hard enough to gain any training benefit. A: Properly performed, Aerobic Endurance rides (roughly 60-80% FTP) train your type IIb fibers - which are the most versatile muscle fiber type - to prefer fat over sugar, one of the key objectives of Base Training. This adaptation is negatively affected if you work too hard, so go slow so your body learns to metabolize fat and spare sugar at low, but eventually greater, effort levels. Q: Sometimes I don't have the time for the prescribed ride duration. How can I address these time constraints without missing out on the benefits of base training? A: Although athletes competing in events requiring long hours on the bike need to adapt to long rides with no breaks, riding twice daily is often the only way to log high daily base mileage and is also an excellent way to reduce body fat during Base Training. Simply break your longer rides into 2 segments and perform them at the beginning, middle and/or end of your day. Try to refrain from breaking your long weekend ride into halves, and avoid breaking rides less than 90 minutes into smaller parts whenever possible. Q: Are recovery weeks really necessary when the training intensity is already so low? A: Yes. Regardless of the low intensity, the body needs time to absorb new stress before additional stress is applied, even if that stress isn't due to high-intensity intervals or race efforts. Recovery weeks will simply drop the stress to roughly half the stress of your current phase's toughest week but keep you on the bike the same number of times in order to avoid any disruption of your training schedule. Also, there’s no reason (nor benefit) to exceed 50% FTP during Recovery Weeks unless you are certain that riding over 50% FTP is still regenerative and restful and allows your body to recover and prep for the next, more stressful, block of training. Q: Which drills should I be doing per session and how many do I do for the duration? A: The drills are briefly during the workouts themselves. As long as you haven't checked the "Hide text during workout" box on the Profile tab, and the onscreen directions will prompt you to add particular drills at particular times.

Understanding your Training Plans • Last updated on Aug 20, 2026

Workout Bailouts

Quite often you'll face a workout that's just a little out of your reach that day. It might be a matter of residual fatigue from previous training, some missing freshness following a night of poor sleep or maybe you're just a little distracted and thus lacking your usual level of motivation. Whatever the reason, you still need your workout and you're not too tired to need a recovery day. In this case, modifying your workout in a small way, on-the-fly is probably the best way to maintain the workout's intent as well as keep your training on track. Bailouts vs Alternate Versions Workout "bailouts" are the best way to reduce the demand of the workout once you've begun the workout, i.e. on-the-fly, and recognize that you just aren't as sharp as you might have hoped. Alternate workout versions, on the other hand, are better suited to situations where you know ahead of time that a modification - decreasing or increasing the workout's demands - is your best bet in terms of extracting the most benefit from the day's workout. Alternate versions are covered in their own article aptly titled, "Alternate Workout Versions". When to Bailout & When to Gut It Out Before delving too far into the how's of bailing out, it's important to first cover the why of the matter. Bailouts are not encouragement to take the easy road when intensity and suffering are the order of the day. Intervals by their very nature hurt, and when you bypass this discomfort, it will come at the expense of your training progress. The take-home message is to use these sparingly, only when you need them and not simply when you want them - big difference. Types of Bailouts Bailouts come in a number of forms depending on the situation in which you find yourself, but they basically fall into 4 main categories: extended warmup, extended recovery/reduced interval duration, intensity reduction and intermittent backpedals. I'll explain each bailout type briefly, but keep in mind that each type of bailout is only a framework inside of which you have flexibility; they're shapeable based on the type of workout and the intervals within the workout. Extended Warmup If, from the very start of the workout you recognize that the first interval is going to crush you, reduce the Workout Intensity as much as 10%. More often than not, this will prevent you from derailing your entire workout and barely affect the workout's objectives if it affects them at all. You can then gradually raise the intensity of the workout as you progress through shorter, numerous intervals, e.g. 10x1-minute repeats, or you can do so as you progress through a longer, e.g. 12-minute, interval to bring yourself back up to full-dose, Target Power. For further example, during a 4x8-minute Threshold workout you feel you'd be best off by extending the warmup by easing into the first 8-minute interval. Before the interval begins, reduce the Workout Intensity to 90%. Two minutes later, increase it to 95% and then 2 minutes after that raise it back to the full 100% prescribed intensity. This will only have a slight effect on the workout's overall stress & intensity and it may very well save your workout by rendering the remaining intervals that much more productive since you warmed more thoroughly and are then able to keep your power more steadily on target. This approach doesn't just apply to days when you're feeling a little off. This is an excellent approach to any workout where the warmup isn't sufficient for your personal warming needs. Extended Recovery/Reduced Interval Duration Once you're further into the workout and still not quite keeping things on track, lengthening the recovery valleys in between intervals & cutting into the intervals themselves offer an on-the-fly bailout. The gist is that you recover longer than allotted by trimming the duration of the work interval thereby trading recovery for work. This option will have a greater effect on the workout's overall intensity and total stress but will retain the prescribed interval intensity and consequently most of the desired training stimulus. A suitable situation would be a 6x3-minute VO2 Max workout where you work for 3 minutes and then have 3 minutes of recovery before working for another 3 minutes. Say you make it about 2 minutes into the first interval before you start falling apart but hang in there for another 30 seconds before pulling the plug. This might simply be a matter of first-interval brutality and all subsequent intervals will be slightly more manageable, or it might be an invitation to perform a 6x2.5-minute workout - it's up to you to decide. Should you decide to trim them down, simply backpedal (discussed further a little later on) when the wind goes out of your sails. In this case, start backpedaling at the 2:30 mark and begin pedaling forward as soon as you reach the recovery valley. Then, make yourself hang in there to that same 2:30 mark for all remaining intervals, i.e. don't keep trimming a 3-minute interval down, down & down until you're only riding hard for a minute. Intensity Reduction Perhaps the most obvious bailout would be a workout-long reduction in intensity, but this bailout falls lowest on the list of recommended modifications since you might miss the overall objective of the workout. If, for example, you're slated to perform a Sweet Spot workout in the 88-94% FTP range but drop the Workout Intensity by 10% making the workout a Tempo workout, you've altered the workout's primary objective. Is Tempo training a waste of time? Certainly not, but it might only serve to postpone the recovery your body needs and miss the intended muscle endurance work in the process. In this case, an easy Endurance workout or recovery day might be a better solution. But intensity reductions can come on a smaller scale and only affect a handful of intervals, e.g. a couple early intervals, 1 or 2 mid-workout intervals or perhaps an interval or two at the tail-end of the workout. For example, a 16x1-minute Anaerobic workout might see you start out strong but fade toward the middle or end. A brief reduction in Workout Intensity of 10% could be just the slight reduction necessary to help you get all 10 intervals completed, most of them at full power. Whether the reduced-intensity intervals happen at the start for an extended warmup, in the middle when your motivation dips a little, or at the end when you're simply running low on go-juice, 2 or 3 less-intense intervals out of 16 means you kept things highly productive for 13 or 14 intervals while the other 2-3 were only slightly off the mark but still very productive. Backpedaling A personal favorite of mine, backpedaling, is probably the most malleable bailout in our repertoire of recommended workout modifications. Whether you apply it in conjunction with another bailout, e.g. backpedaling through a 30-second recovery extension, or on its own as a quick, 10-second break to dispel some muscle burn, backpedaling keeps your muscles active but with virtually no stress. Quite simply, turn the pedals backwards for the intended duration. In the case of short, VO2 Max or Anaerobic intervals, backpedals might be relatively long but during longer, Threshold or Sweet Spot intervals they're probably going to be brief, very brief. So a 3-minute VO2 Max interval might include a 30-second backpedal while a 10-minute Sweet Spot interval might contain 2 or 3 backpedals lasting no more than 10 seconds each. Try to only backpedal for as long as necessary to maintain a high level of productivity. This is again a matter of only resting as long as you need to, not as long as you want to. To Bailout or Bail Out Finally, there are simply some days where you need rest more than a down-modified version of your workout. Determining this line of demarcation is matter for you and/or your coach, but as you learn more about yourself as an endurance athlete you'll gain a better understanding of where that line exists.

Plan Execution • Last updated on Aug 20, 2026

Re-build, Off-season, or Maintenance for Your Fastest Season

Getting faster isn’t confined to training within the typical Base, Build, and Specialty training phases. You have other options to continue your quest for speed after a typical training season. Once athletes complete a full cycle of training, the next step will depend on their goals until the next training cycle is scheduled to begin. This period of time may vary from rider to rider, but I will outline three different rider scenarios that should provide enough direction no matter what circumstances you’re under. The Transition After Specialty Training With 52 weeks in the year, and with the full Base, Build, Specialty sequence typically lasting 28 of those weeks, many riders wonder what they can do to fill in the gap. This is the period of time most refer to as the “off-season”, and I will outline 3 different approaches based on three different goals. 1. There are some riders who are targeting another high-priority event/competitive season following the completion of a full Base, Build, Specialty sequence of training. 2. There’s another camp who chooses to fill their time focusing on a limiting aspect of their performance, appropriately known as a “limiter”. 3. Then, others prefer to simply maintain the fitness they’ve established throughout the previous months of training until the next training cycle is scheduled to begin. One thing is clear for each and every rider coming out of the Base, Build, Specialty cycle: a small period of time-off (1-3 weeks) is recommended before going down one of these paths. Depending on your fatigue and/or motivation, this time off can be spent with some totally unstructured riding, active recovery rides, or time off the bike completely. But my biggest concern in making this recommendation is to provide brief stress relief on the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system before diving back into training. How to Build a Second Fitness Peak Athletes who choose to target another high-priority event following the final phase of training can continue getting faster by manipulating Base, Build, Specialty to fit a shorter time frame. Depending on how long the gap is between the event you “peaked” for at the end of your Specialty training and the second event you’re targeting, you will return to Build Phase training. This is what I like to call a “rebuild”, in which case you will do the latter half (typically 2-4 weeks) of your Build training before “re-specializing” (i.e. entering another Specialty training phase). For Example: Say you have 12 weeks between two high-priority events. Since you won’t have enough time to complete entire Build and Specialty phases, the solution is to complete the partial revisitation of Build training before reassessing your fitness and completing another Specialty phase training plan. Should the gap be longer than that, you can apply this “rebuild” principle by extending the time revisiting the Build and even Base training. Note: Athletes who follow the re-build approach to target another event should also schedule a small break between their second high-priority event and the beginning of the next training season. Off-Season Focus on a Limiter Athletes who aren’t planning for another event following a full training cycle, but wish to focus on a limiting aspect of their performance, can address that limiter using similar principles as the re-build approach. Just like the re-build approach, you’ll need to evaluate the time period you have until your next season of training is scheduled to begin. With that in mind, you have the option to return to Build Phase training for 2-4 weeks and follow that with a Specialty plan of your choosing. If you’re designing your own plan, you’ll select workouts that specifically address the weaknesses that are plaguing your performance. For Example: You complete a small break after your high-priority event following a full training cycle and take note that your climbing ability was the aspect of your performance that held you back. After taking a look at when you’d like to begin training next season, you find you have 18 weeks to address the limiter. You’ll also account for 1-3 of those weeks to include a significant reduction in training volume/intensity in anticipation for the next training cycle. With 16 weeks to dedicate to training, you’ll have enough time to focus on the limiter in the same format as a Build and Specialty sequence of training. So you’ll use 8 of those weeks to build your climbing capabilities through a blend of strength endurance work (Sweet Spot power zone), lactate tolerance workouts (Threshold power zone), and maximum aerobic power intervals (VO2max power zone). And you’ll take this one step further by reassessing your fitness and entering into a 8-week revisitation of a Specialty training plan. The workouts you’ll focus on in this period will emphasize a split between high-power, often explosive efforts and extended, near-FTP efforts that all find their way into your climbs. Note: Refer to the Build and Specialty Phase sections of this ebook for help in manufacturing your own off-season approach to addressing a limiter. Maintaining Fitness in the Off-Season The final possible route an athlete may take is to simply maintain the hard-earned fitness they’ve established through the previous training cycle. The good news is properly established fitness takes comparatively little to maintain than what it took to build. There are four separate types of fitness that I’ve outlined below. If you’d like to simply maintain any/all of them, research supports that you can do so on relatively little work. If you’re not too concerned with slight decreases in any of these categories, feel free to leave it/them by the wayside. - Aerobic Endurance: Once every 2 weeks, do a long, low-intensity ride. Ride long enough that the fatigue comes as a product of the ride’s duration, not its intensity. - Anaerobic Power: Once a week. Something along the lines of 30- to 60-second repeats upwards of 130% FTP should suffice. - Muscular Endurance/Threshold: Once a week. Try a 2×20-minute Threshold or even Sweet Spot workout. - Sprint Power: Once a week. Perform 4-6 all-out efforts somewhere between 20-30 seconds long. Note: Athletes who follow a maintenance approach to the off-season will not require the “padding” of downtime before the training season that follows.

Choosing Your Training Plan • Last updated on Aug 13, 2026

FTP Testing - The Cornerstone of Training

Few components of power-based training are as important as measuring and tracking FTP. In fact, it could be argued that nothing short of actual performance ranks as highly in terms of overall importance. With this in mind, we offer the following primer on what your FTP represents, what an FTP test is, how and why we assess FTP, and when we assess it. What is FTP? Functional Threshold Power (FTP) is — quite simply — a measure of fitness. FTP represents the power (measured in watts) that you could theoretically maintain for about an hour, and it's the single metric we use to scale each of your workouts in our shared quest to keep your fitness growing. With regards to what's taking place within your body and the muscles themselves, riding at your FTP pushes you right up to that limit where pushing any harder will drastically limit the duration of your ride. But as long as you stay just below that acidic tipping point where your muscles light up and uncomfortably tolerable minutes become barely tolerable seconds, your muscles are in balance with the workload - for about an hour, anyway. What is the FTP Assessment? An FTP assessment is a snapshot of your fitness at any point in time. By measuring your fitness and assigning it a number, we can track changes in your fitness over weeks, months, and years. The assessment we use to measure this level of fitness is our Ramp Test. How is FTP Calculated from the Ramp Test? TrainerRoad will automatically calculate your FTP upon completion of your Ramp Test workout. If ridden correctly, you can expect your FTP to be about 75% of your highest 1-minute power sustained during the test. Note: More complicated calculations may be applied when determining FTP from a Ramp Test depending on how accurately a rider followed the format of the test. This means, 75% of a rider's 1-minute power may not translate to their actual FTP calculation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWHgMzpvH7c How is Functional Threshold Power Assessed? During a Ramp Test assessment, riders first follow a sufficient, stepwise warming period before progressing to their higher-intensity steps. The power that you average over the last, highest minute of your test allows us to mathematically estimate your current FTP. The goal here is to obtain a reasonably close estimate of one's sustainable power, or in power-based training nomenclature, your Functional Threshold Power/FTP. Why Do We Assess FTP? By assessing FTP, not only can we track changes in fitness, but we can also establish training zones, i.e. power levels. And as your fitness changes, we can update these power levels accordingly. Each type of interval, e.g. Tempo, Sweet Spot, VO2max, etc. represents a percentage of your FTP. For example, Tempo intervals fall in the 76-90% FTP range while VO2max intervals fall in the 106-120% FTP range. Different types of intervals target different energy systems and consequently different training adaptations, so it's important to have a personal measure of your fitness that will allow us to tailor your workouts to your specific needs and capabilities. When Should I Assess My FTP? It's a good idea to assess your FTP prior to beginning each training season unless you already have a good sense of your current fitness and your sustainable power. But even if you think you have a good grasp on your current fitness, it's still a good idea to back up your perception with actual performance. It's also recommended that you assess or reassess FTP before embarking on a new training plan. Finally, you should reassess your FTP about every 4-6 weeks in order to account for changes in your fitness and to keep your power levels in line with your performance potential. What if I'm Feeling Stronger Before My Scheduled FTP Test? Of course, testing roughly every 4-6 weeks is just a general guideline. Your FTP very well may have increased prior to 4-6 weeks after your last test. If you find yourself breathing easily through workouts with high-Intensity Factors (IFs)® or that you're often manually increasing the workout intensity before it's time for your next test, don't hesitate to manually edit your FTP. No need to wait for an FTP test if you know you're stronger. :)

Your First Ride • Last updated on Aug 13, 2026

RPE Key Explained

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) refers to a 1-10 scale to self-report the intensity of an effort. Our RPE scale is based largely on Matt Fitzgerald's running and swimming RPE scale. We use it because it falls in line with what we consider correct exertion levels for what we're trying to achieve with the workouts. How to Use the RPE Scale The RPE Scales are broken into three separate columns: Column 1 - Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) from 1-10 Column 1 lists the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) on a 1-10 rating. Lower RPE ratings are hardly distinguishable (RPE 1-2, RPE 3-4, RPE 5-6), which is why the lower RPE ratings are collapsed into a single row. Column 2 - Effort Level Column 2 lists effort levels relative to each RPE rating (e.g. a Moderate effort should feel like a 7/10 according to your rate of perceived exertion level). Column 3 - Zone/Pacing Equivalent Column 3 lists TrainerRoad's cycling power zones, and the workout types for swims and runs that you would perform in these zones. These give cyclists and triathletes a way to more easily understand how their RPE levels compare to the effort levels of their cycling power zones. For example, riders understand what the "Endurance" power zone feels like on the bike. Using the RPE chart and knowing that "Easy-Moderate" should feel about the same RPE that "Endurance" work feels like on the bike, athletes have a better idea of how their Easy-Moderate pace should feel during running and swimming workouts. Cycling RPE scale | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | RPE 2 | Recovery | Active Recovery | | RPE 3 | Very Easy | Warm-up/Cooldown | | RPE 4 | Easy | Endurance | | RPE 5 | Comfortable | Endurance | | RPE 6 | Comfortably Hard | Tempo | | RPE 7 | Hard | Tempo/Sweet Spot | | RPE 8 | Very Hard | Threshold | | RPE 9 | Very very hard | TR VO2max | | RPE 10 | Maximal Effort | Anaerobic Capacity | Example of Outside Cycling Workout Using RPE The outside-workout equivalent of "Darwin" includes the following description: "Warm Up: - Ride for 6 minutes gradually raising your effort from RPE 4 to 7. - 4 minutes easy. Main Set: - 4x10 minutes at RPE 8 with 3 minutes easy between intervals. Cool Down: - 1 minute easy." This workout begins with a warm-up period between RPE 4-7. This effort should range from an "Easy" pace to your "Sustained Power" abilities. Relating this to Power Zones within TrainerRoad, your effort should range between 55% FTP (just above Active Recovery) to 88%-94% FTP (Sweet Spot). Your main set has you settling in at a "Threshold" pace. Relating this RPE level to Power Zones within TrainerRoad, your effort should range between 95%-105% FTP. Your cool-down period finishes your workout with an RPE 4 pace, which relates to around 55% FTP. Running RPE Scale | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | RPE 2 | Very very easy | Recovery | | RPE 3 | Very Easy | Endurance | | RPE 4 | Easy | Endurance | | RPE 5 | Comfortable | Marathon | | RPE 6 | Comfortably Hard | Half Marathon | | RPE 7 | Hard | 10k | | RPE 8 | Very Hard | 5k | | RPE 9 | Very very hard | Mile | | RPE 10 | Maximal Effort | Sprints | Examples of Run Workouts Using RPE in TrainerRoad: A running workout titled, "Run VO2max Intervals", includes the following workout description: "Run 12min working up to Easy-Moderate, RPE 6 pace to warm up, then this week repeat 18 Hard, RPE 9, 30-second high-speed surges, recovering for only 30 seconds after each; run 10min Easy, RPE 4 to cool down for a total of 40 minutes of running" This workout begins with an RPE 6 pace, transitions into several RPE 9 efforts, and finishes with what should feel like an RPE 4 cool-down period. Referring to the second column in the RPE chart, this translates to beginning the workout at an "Easy-Moderate" pace, transitioning into 18 "Hard" efforts, and cools down with an "Easy" 10 minutes of running. Swimming RPE Scale | | | | | --- | --- | --- | | RPE 2 | Very very easy | Recovery | | RPE 3 | Very Easy | Endurance | | RPE 4 | Easy | Easy Swim or Warm-up | | RPE 5 | Comfortable | Easy-Moderate Swim | | RPE 6 | Comfortably Hard | Moderate Swim | | RPE 7 | Hard | Moderate-Hard Swim | | RPE 8 | Very Hard | Hard Swim | | RPE 9 | Very very hard | Fastest Average | | RPE 10 | Maximal Effort | All Out Sprints | Examples of Swim Workouts using RPE in TrainerRoad: A swimming workout titled, "Continuous Base Swim (2400m)", includes the following workout description: "Warm-Up 300m Easy, RPE 4 1800m Easy-Moderate, RPE 6 Cool-Down 300m easy, RPE 4" This workout warms up with an RPE 4 effort, transitions into an RPE 6 effort, and cools down with an RPE 4 effort. Referring to the RPE chart, the workout begins with an "Easy" pace, moves into an "Easy-Moderate" pace, and concludes with an "Easy" cool-down period.

Triathlon Training • Last updated on Aug 20, 2026

Cycling Drills in TrainerRoad

Drills - Not Just for Base Season Though often relegated to base training phases, on-the-bike drills should have a place in your training plan year-round. Improvements in efficiency, strength and power are of benefit to riders at any level, beginner to professional. And when you consider how often you turn over the pedals in the course of a minute, also consider the potential effect of even the smallest improvement in your efficiency when carried over hundreds and thousands of times. Form drills are inarguably one of the best ways to break up the monotony of longer intervals and riders, so sprinkle these in liberally paying particular attention to the drills that most benefit you in terms of personal weaknesses and limiters. Efficiency Drills Efficiency drills seek to improve your overall cycling efficiency by addressing pedal economy (pedal speed and control) and muscle efficiency (gradual reduction in muscle stress at similar workloads). - Endurance Spinning (ES) - Practice spinning slightly quicker than your natural, self-selected cadence. Ride at a cadence that's at the very top of your comfortable rpm range (often this is your natural cadence + 3-5rpm) and remain there for a solid 5 minutes. The goal is to learn to turn the pedals more quickly with less force/muscle stress thereby improving your ability to remain predominantly aerobic over a wide range of rpm. If your HR rises more than a few bpm, you're pedaling too quickly - take it easy and stay relaxed but quick. - Single-Leg Focus (SLF) - The objective here is to learn to apply power more effectively through the entire pedalstroke by focusing strictly on one leg's activity through the bottom, upstroke, and over the top of the pedalstroke. For 90 seconds at a time, devote your attention to one leg before switching to the other. Your cadence may fall slightly, but these drills typically come more naturally to less experienced riders than "one-leggers" (described below). Pay particular attention to lightly pulling your foot across the bottom, lifting your knee lightly upward and then softly kicking over the top of each pedalstroke. Add this drill indoors or outdoors as often as you like, more frequently if you recognize a substantial difference in one leg's strength or coordination. - Isolated Leg Training (ILT) - Also known as "one-leggers" and similar to SLF drills, the objective here is to learn to more effectively apply power through the entire pedalstroke by focusing strictly on one leg's activity through the bottom, upstroke and over the top of the pedalstroke. Completely unclip one foot from the pedal and rest it on your trainer, a stool, or anything that allows it to safely rest without interfering with your other leg's pedaling. Begin with slow cadence (very slow in some cases) and periods of 10-20s per leg unless you can pedal longer without "knocking". Don't worry about your temporarily low power - these drills aren't about strength. As you improve, your cadence will increase as will each leg's duration. Pay close attention your kick and pull (described below) thinking more in terms of horizontal or back and forth pedaling especially if you begin feeling deadspots in your pedalstroke or you begin hearing a knocking sound due to those deadspots. Keep tension on the chain and switch legs anytime your form degrades; don't practice bad habits just to tack on 5 or 10 more seconds. Include this drill indoors 2-3 times each week accumulating 5-10 minutes per leg each workout. - Pedalstroke Quadrants (P/KP) - Each quadrant of a 360-degree pedalstroke can be emphasized over the course of a complete round of quadrant drills, but in the interest of keeping things more fluid, the 4 quadrants have been combined into 2 opposing muscle actions: up and down, backward and forward. - Pistons (P) - Few if any riders need to practice pushing down on the pedals, but improvements in how well your knees move are both beneficial to economy and joint health. As you pedal, pay close attention to how your knees track. They should move directly up, directly down - like pistons - with little if any lateral movement, especially at the top of each pedalstroke. Focus on one knee for 30-60s before switching sides. - Kick & Pull (KP) - A balanced pedalstroke is dependent upon consistent tension on your bike's drivetrain throughout the entire pedalstroke. Reinforce your ability to maintain tension through the weakest portions of the pedalstroke, the top and bottom quadrants. As your knee approaches top-dead-center, lightly kick your toes into the fronts of your shoes, and as your feet approach bottom-dead-center, lightly pull your heels into the backs of your shoes - kick and pull. Focus on just the kick for 30-60s, just the pull for 30-60s, then eventually both for 30-60s simultaneously. - Form Sprints (FS) - Sprints are for everyone, not just sprinters, because they "wake up" muscle fibers that too often don't get trained but will get used. Practice high-rpm sprint simulations at low power outputs to reinforce proper sprinting technique by jumping out-of-the-saddle and winding up a light gear. As your cadence reaches its controllable peak, gracefully transition into the saddle where you can shift gears if necessary. These sprints are only 10s long and are all about leg speed, form and technique. Experiment with which foot leads the sprint and learn how to generate a lot of leg speed in very little time. Strength Drills Strength drills not only enhance muscular contribution/activity but they can improve the health of your connective tissues and thus enhance joint stability in your knees, hips and ankles. - Strength Sprints (SS) - Sprints are for everyone, not just sprinters, because they "wake up" muscle fibers that too often don't get trained but will get used. These standing-start sprints consist of slowly turning over a big gear as forcefully as possible in order to recruit as many muscle fibers as you can. They're done from a near stop and in the biggest gear you can gracefully turn over without exceeding 90rpm in 12 pedalstrokes. While standing, hold onto your handlebar drops and drive each foot down as hard as you can while retaining the excellent sprinting form you practiced during Form Sprints. If you reach 90rpm inside of 12 pedalstrokes, choose a larger gear next time and abandon the drill if you encounter any knee pain. You can track your progress by comparing your max and average power output from week to week. - Force Intervals (FI) - Often riders need to create power at very low cadences, e.g. over-geared coming out of a turn, very steep climbs, starting from a dead stop, etc. These intervals are also excellent for improving the resilience of your connective tissue gradually and they provide an excellent opportunity to focus on your ability to control the lateral movement of your knees, especially at the top of the pedalstroke. If you currently have no knee issues, use a gear that allows you to hold your Target Power while riding between 50-60rpm. Focus on the top of the pedalstroke as well as the downstroke by kicking over the top and pressing your foot downward. - Hill Simulations (HS) - These are Tempo/Sweet Spot workouts performed with an elevated front wheel based on the typical grades you'll encounter in your target events. By raising your front wheel up to 6 inches above the level of your rear wheel, you can more closely emulate the slightly different demands that gradients place on your muscles even if there's no conclusive evidence of its benefit. Try to keep your cadence above 80rpm when seated and above 75rpm when standing. Most of your focus should fall on the top and back quadrants of the pedalstroke and this can be achieved by focusing on lifting your knees upward and then gently kicking your feet forward, especially when standing. These simulations are an attempt to increase the level of hill-climbing stress specificity as much as possible without riding actual hills. Power Drills Power drills can drastically improve both the number of muscle fibers you recruit during explosive efforts but also how quickly those fibers are recruited. They can also reduce muscle fiber fatigue over long rides by effectively distributing the workload over more muscle fibers. - Power Sprints (PS) - Power Sprints are the culmination of Form Sprints and Strength Sprints and teach you to overcome heavy resistance quickly. At a reasonable cadence, 85-95rpm, jump out-of-the-saddle and wind up a big gear but not as big as the gear used during previous Strength Sprints. These sprints are only 10s long and should allow you to get in a maximum of 24 pedalstrokes and reach a high rpm, 130rpm or higher. Practice winding up a lot of watts in the briefest time possible while maintaining the form and technique you picked up during previous Form Sprints. Experiment with which foot to lead with and don't hesitate to practice leading with either. - Advanced Hill Simulations (AHS) - The advanced version of HS are Sweet Spot/Threshold workouts which are still performed with an elevated front wheel based on the typical grades you'll encounter in your target events. Raise your front wheel up to 6 inches above the level of your rear wheel and more closely emulate the slightly different demands that gradients place on your muscles even if there's no conclusive evidence of this benefit . When specific cadence recommendations aren't detailed in the workout's Description and on-screen instructions, try to keep your cadence above 80rpm when seated and above 75rpm when standing. These simulations are part of a continued attempt to increase the level of hill-climbing stress specificity as much as possible without riding actual hills. - Strength Endurance Rides (SER) - Synonymous with Muscular Endurance, the intervals comprising these rides effectively take the place of Force Intervals and further your ability to turn bigger gears for longer durations. Put another way, they'll help you ride stronger in the wind, climb hills at a faster rate and maintain higher paces for increasing periods of time. Strength is only so useful without the ability to sustain it, so make sure you're rested and ready to tackle each of these workouts as they're quite difficult and sure to challenge the strongest of riders but well worth the effort.

Plan Execution • Last updated on Aug 13, 2026